Inspection: - Wasting (eg diffuse atrophy or LMNL)? - Asymmetry of the shoulder girdle (eg scoliosis)? Palpation (eg swelling, bony irregularities, tenderness): - Sternoclavicular joint? - Clavicle? - Acromioclavicular joint? - Acromion? - Coracoid process? - Head of humerus? - Greater tubercle of humerus? - Spine of scapula? Active and passive movements (normal): - Flexion (150°-180°)? - Extension (40°)? - Abduction (180°)? - Adduction (30°-40°) - External rotation (80°-90°)? - Internal rotation (T4-T8)? Special tests: Empty can test? - Weakness (tear)? - Pain (impingement)? Painful arc? - Pain btw. 60°-120° (impingement or supraspinatus tendonitis)? External rotation against resistance? - Pain (infraspinatus tendonitis)? External rotation in abduction? - Inability to keep arm in this position (teres minor pathology or axillary nerve lesion)? Internal rotation against resistance? - Inability to move hand off the back (subscapularis tendinitis/tear or subscapular nerve lesion)? Scarf test? - Pain (ACJ pathology (eg OA))? Reference(s): Geeky Medics (2021): Shoulder exam